نقض کردن

1 general:: break

transnet.ir

2 Law:: breach (n, v) (breach an agreement( (a breach of the peace( (a breach of contract, promise, faith, confidence, security( ● violate (-ing, -ion) (violation of the rights of the citizens( (violations of the right of free speech( (this violates fundamental human rights( (violate the law( ● contravene (-ing, contravention) (you are contravening the Data Protection Act( ● flout : to treat with contemptuous disregard : scorn (flouting the rules( [NOTE : violate; contravene; abridge; breach; flout. These words are common in legal contexts, and in some contexts have virtually the same senses, Violate and flout commonly take law as an object (to flout the law(. Contravene is also common, but usu. refers to something less well defined, such as public policy (the rule contravenes public policy(. Violate and abridge are often used in reference to constitutional or statutory rights. And violate and breach are often used of contractual provisions. Bryan A. Garner, A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage.] ● infringe (-ing,

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3 Law:: to violate a command or law : SIN

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4 Law:: to go beyond a boundary or limit (vt)

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5 Law:: to go beyond limits set or prescribed by : violate (transgress divine law(

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6 Law:: to pass beyond or go over (a limit or boundary) ● override

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7 Law:: to ride over or across : trample

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8 Law:: to set aside : annul (override a veto( (See ‘Note’ under overrule below) (from the time of Edward II, or earlier, the Chancellor and his officials, later the Court of Chancery, issued writs and exercised jurisdiction which did not, however, override the common law, but which was intended to remedy its imperfections – JBS( ● infraction (n) : a violation, usu of a rule, statute, or local ordinance and usu not punishable by incarceration ● reverse (-ing, reversal) : (vt) Overthrow, vacate, set aside, make void, annul, repeal, or revoke; as to reverse a judgment, sentence or decree of a lower court by an appellate court, or to change to the contrary or to a former condition. To reverse a judgment means to overthrow it by contrary decision, make it void, undo or annul it for error. Reversal is the annulling or setting aside by an appellate court of a decision of a lower court–HCB( (the higher court may reverse the judgment( (reverse a policy( (when a court is hearing an appeal, it may uphold or “reverse” the decision of the lower court – W. J. Brown( (See ‘Note’ under overrule below) ● overturn : a. invalidate, destroy b. reverse (overturn a court ruling( (See ‘Note’ under overrule below) ● set aside : reverse, vacate, cancel, annul, or revoke a judgment, order, decision, etc. (See ‘Note’ under overrule below) ● vacate : nullify or cancel (the court vacated the judgment( “Standing orders are framed by each house of parliament for the permanent guidance and order of its proceedings. Such orders, if not vacated or repealed, endure from one parliament to another, and are of equal force in all – JBS( (See ‘Note’ under overrule below) ● overthrow [overthrow is a synonym of overturn but it is more picturesque – eg : “Tax laws were queried and sometimes overthrown on the ground that the state had no ‘jurisdiction to tax’ the source in question …” Robert G. McCloskey, The American Supreme Court 142-53 (1960), Bryan A. Garner, A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage] ● overrule : set aside : reverse NOTE : overrule; overturn; reverse; set aside; vacate. Overrule is often employed in reference to procedural points throughout a trial, as in evidence (“objection

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9 Law:: to recall or order back by a superseding contrary order (countermand reinforcements( NOTE : This word [countermand] is most commonly a verb meaning (1) “to annul (an earlier command or action) by a contrary command” (the partner countermanded the previous assignment(; or (2) “to recall by a contrary order” (countermanding that shipment(. Sense (1) is mot usual – eg “The day before the Indianapolis hearing, the judge called Mr. Atanga and, countermanding his earlier entry, ordered Mr. Atanga to be in Lafayette the next day.” … But sense (2) also occurs in legal contexts – eg: “The court distinguished Chan Siew Lai on the basis that when a bank issues a cashier’s check the check becomes the primary obligation of the bank and the purchaser has no authority to countermand a cashier’s check because of fraud allegedly practiced on the purchaser by the payee.”… As a noun, countermand refers to either (1) a contrary command or order that revokes or annuls an earlier one; or (2) an action that nullifies something previously executed. Sense (2) is the more specific legal one, but sense (1) predominates in both legal and nonlegal texts – eg: “So far as the record shows, there was no countermand of the direction in the telegram and no effort on the part of Dyches or his attorney to have the appeal brought before the appellate court… Bryan A Garner, A dictionary of Modern Legal Usage] ● disaffirm (

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10 Law:: contradiction (your statements today are in contradiction with what you said yesterday(

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